Simple model example

The following is an example with one installation called Installation A that exports oil (OIL_PROD) and gas (GAS_PROD). The installation emits CO₂.

On this installation, the following components are identified:

The results of a performed characterization of the equipment are listed below:

Consumer	Type	Description
Generator set A	Generator set	Variable fuel consumer with electricity to fuel function
Base production load	Power consumer	Constant load 11.8 MW
Gas injection compressor	Power consumer	Variable consumption depending on gas injection rate and lift gas rate
Produced water reinjection pump	Power consumer	Variable consumption depending on water production rate and water injection rate. The pump suction pressure is 10 bar and discharge pressure is 200 bar.
Sea water injection pump	Power consumer	Variable consumption depending on a complex combination on water injection rate and water production rate
Flare	Direct fuel consumer	Before 1.1.2005: Constant fuel rate 10000 Sm³/day, From 1.1.2005: Constant fuel rate 7000 Sm³/day
Gas export compressor	Direct fuel consumer	Variable fuel consumer depending on gas sales rate

YAML model overview

The YAML model consist of these main components:

Time series inputs - TIME_SERIES
Facility characterization input - FACILITY_INPUTS
Fuel input - FUEL_TYPES
Model variables - VARIABLES
Installation topology - INSTALLATIONS

The YAML setup file looks like this:

model.yaml
TIME_SERIES:
  <placeholder>
FACILITY_INPUTS:
  <placeholder>
FUEL_TYPES:
  <placeholder>
VARIABLES:
  <placeholder>
INSTALLATIONS:
  <placeholder>

We will now replace the placeholders for each of the main keywords above.

TIME_SERIES

The reservoir variables, in this case, are found in a CSV (Comma separated file) production_data.csv. We give the time-series data a name that can be referenced as variables elsewhere in the form <NAME>:<NAME OF COLUMN>. See TIME_SERIES for further details.

model.yaml
TIME_SERIES:
  - NAME: SIM
    FILE: production_data.csv
    TYPE: DEFAULT

FACILITY_INPUTS

We specify CSV input data for processing equipment using FACILITY_INPUTS. This is used for generatorsets, tabulated/sampled models and pump charts. See FACILITY_INPUTS for further details.

Here we define a tabulated genset, a sampled compressor, a sampled compressor driven by a turbine, a sampled pump, and a single speed pump chart. These will be used in the final model for illustration. Note that more complicated energy models are defined under the MODELS-keyword.

See the input data further down to understand the input formats.

model.yaml
FACILITY_INPUTS:
  - NAME: genset
    FILE: genset.csv
    TYPE: ELECTRICITY2FUEL
  - NAME: compressor_sampled
    FILE: compressor_sampled.csv
    TYPE: COMPRESSOR_TABULAR
  - NAME: compressor_with_turbine_sampled
    FILE: compressor_sampled_with_turbine.csv
    TYPE: COMPRESSOR_TABULAR
  - NAME: pump_sampled
    FILE: pump_sampled.csv
    TYPE: TABULAR
  - NAME: pump_chart
    FILE: pump_chart.csv
    TYPE: PUMP_CHART_SINGLE_SPEED
    UNITS:
      HEAD: M
      RATE: AM3_PER_HOUR
      EFFICIENCY: PERCENTAGE

FUEL_TYPES

In this example there is only one FUEL_TYPES - fuel_gas. The emissions we model with the fuel is CO₂. The CO₂ factor is 2.19 kg CO2 per Sm³ fuel gas burned.

model.yaml
FUEL_TYPES:
  - NAME: fuel_gas
    EMISSIONS:
      - NAME: CO2
        FACTOR: 2.19  # CO2/Sm3 fuel gas burned

VARIABLES

To run the model it is recommended to specify VARIABLES, instead of hard coding values in difference places. This makes it easier to develop, maintain and understand the model by allowing descriptive variable names and avoid duplications.

For our model, we specify the following variables:

model.yaml
VARIABLES:
  hydrocarbon_export_sm3_per_day:
    VALUE: SIM;OIL_PROD {+} SIM;GAS_PROD {/} 1000  # divide the gas rate by 1000 to get oil equivalent
  sea_water_injection_rate_m3_per_day:
    VALUE: SIM;WATER_INJ {-} SIM;WATER_PROD {+} SIM;WATER_PROD {*} (SIM;WATER_PROD < 1500) {+} (SIM;WATER_PROD {-} 17000) {*} (SIM;WATER_PROD > 17000) {*} (SIM;WATER_PROD < 18500)
  gas_export_rate_sm3_per_day:
    VALUE: SIM;GAS_PROD
  gas_injection_rate_sm3_per_day:
    VALUE: SIM;GAS_INJ {+} SIM;GAS_LIFT
  produced_water_reinjection_condition:
    VALUE: SIM;WATER_PROD > 1500
  produced_water_reinjection_total_system_rate_m3_per_day:
    VALUE: SIM;WATER_PROD
  flare_fuel_rate_sm3_day:
    1995-10-01:
      VALUE: 10000
    2005-01-01:
      VALUE: 7000

We reference the TIME_SERIES SIM using the column names from the CSV file. Here we use for example SIM:OIL_PROD (Field Oil Production Rate) SIM:GAS_PROD (Field Gas Sales Rate).

tip

It is possible to specify if-else conditions by multiplying with boolean values. This has been done in the $var.sea_water_injection_rate_m3_per_day variable example above.

INSTALLATION

An installation is composed of hydrocarbon export, a default fuel for that installation and consumers in the form of generatorsets (with electric sub-consumers), and direct fuel consumers.

We specify:

NAME: the installation name
HCEXPORT: Hydrocarbon export in Sm³/day by referring to the variable specified under VARIABLES above.
FUEl: Default fuel specified in FUEL_TYPES above.

INSTALLATIONS:
  - NAME: Installation A
    HCEXPORT: $var.hydrocarbon_export_sm3_per_day
    FUEL: fuel_gas
    GENERATORSETS:
      <placeholder>
    FUELCONSUMERS:
      <placeholder>

GENERATORSETS

There is one generator set, Generator set A. This has a power to fuel function defined in FACILITY_INPUTS with the name genset. Further, the consumers getting power from the generator set are Base production load, Gas injection compressor, Produced water re-injection pump and Sea-water injection pump. The setup for Generator set A thus becomes:

    GENERATORSETS:
      - NAME: Generator set A
        ELECTRICITY2FUEL: genset
        CATEGORY: TURBINE-GENERATOR
        CONSUMERS:
          - NAME: Base production load
            CATEGORY: BASE-LOAD
            ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
              <placeholder>
          - NAME: Gas injection compressor
            CATEGORY: COMPRESSOR
            ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
              <placeholder>
          - NAME: Produced water reinjection pump
            CATEGORY: PUMP
            ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
              <placeholder>
          - NAME: Sea water injection pump
            CATEGORY: PUMP
            ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
              <placeholder>

FUELCONSUMERS

The direct fuel consumers are Flare and Gas export compressor.

model.yaml
    FUELCONSUMERS:
      - NAME: Flare
        CATEGORY: FLARE
        ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
          <placeholder>
      - NAME: Gas export compressor
        CATEGORY: COMPRESSOR
        ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
          <placeholder>

ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL

We will now fill in the final placeholders with detailed ENERGY_USAGE_MODELs.

Base production load has a constant load of 11.8 MW:

model.yaml
          - NAME: Base production load
            CATEGORY: BASE-LOAD
            ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
              TYPE: DIRECT
              LOAD: 11.8 # MW

Gas injection compressor is represented by a tabulated (sampled) energy usage model defining the relationship between the gas injection rate [Sm³/day] and the corresponding power requirement. The gas rate is already defined in the variable gas_injection_rate_sm3_per_day as SIM;GAS_INJ {+} SIM;GAS_LIFT:

model.yaml
          - NAME: Gas injection compressor
            CATEGORY: COMPRESSOR
            ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
              TYPE: COMPRESSOR
              ENERGYFUNCTION: compressor_sampled
              RATE: $var.gas_injection_rate_sm3_per_day
              SUCTION_PRESSURE: 50 #not used but a number is needed for eCalc
              DISCHARGE_PRESSURE: 200 #not used but a number is needed for eCalc

Produced water reinjection pump is variable and its energy function is dependent on the field's water production rate (WATER_PROD) that is set in the variable produced_water_reinjection_condition as SIM;WATER_PROD. The pump only runs when the variables produced_water_reinjection_condition evaluates to true as SIM;WATER_PROD > 1500. This is when the water production is above 1500 Sm3/day. Fluid density, suction pressure and discharge pressure is also defined:

model.yaml
          - NAME: Produced water reinjection pump
            CATEGORY: PUMP
            ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
              TYPE: PUMP
              CONDITION: $var.produced_water_reinjection_condition
              ENERGYFUNCTION: pump_chart
              RATE: $var.produced_water_reinjection_total_system_rate_m3_per_day
              FLUID_DENSITY: 1010
              SUCTION_PRESSURE: 10  # bara
              DISCHARGE_PRESSURE: 200  # bara

Sea water injection pump has an energy function that is dependent on the seawater injection rate. This rate is not modeled explicitly in the reservoir input source, but it may be computed from the injection (WATER_INJ) and production (WATER_PROD) rate by the following rules:

In general, the seawater injection rate (SEAWATER_INJ), is the difference between injected and produced water: SEAWATER_INJ = WATER_INJ - WATER_PROD.
When the produced water rate is below 1500 SM3/day, this goes directly to sea, such that SEAWATER_INJ = WATER_INJ when WATER_PROD < 1500.
When the produced water rate is between 17000 and 18500 SM3/day, everything above 17000 SM3/day goes directly to the sea, thus SEAWATER_INJ = WATER_INJ - 17000 when 17000 < WATER_PROD < 18500.

This is specified as the variable sea_water_injection_rate_m3_per_day above and is defined as:

The model is specified:

model.yaml
          - NAME: Sea water injection pump
            CATEGORY: PUMP
            ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
              TYPE: TABULATED
              ENERGYFUNCTION: pump_sampled
              VARIABLES:
                - NAME: RATE
                  EXPRESSION: $var.sea_water_injection_rate_m3_per_day

The flare is changing on the 1st of January 2005. Therefore, we need to use a different constant fuel consumption value before and after this date. This is done using the variable flare_fuel_rate_sm3_day above.

The model is specified:

model.yaml
      - NAME: Flare
        CATEGORY: FLARE
        ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
          TYPE: DIRECT
          FUELRATE: $var.flare_fuel_rate_sm3_day

Gasexport is a variable fuel consumer whose energy function depends on the field gas sales rate (GAS_PROD) defined in the variable gas_export_rate_sm3_per_day as SIM;GAS_PROD. Even though it is not used in the eCalc model, suction and discharge pressure needs to be specified in order for the model to run.

The model is specified:

model.yaml
      - NAME: Gas export compressor
        CATEGORY: GAS-DRIVEN-COMPRESSOR
        ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
          TYPE: COMPRESSOR
          ENERGYFUNCTION: compressor_with_turbine_sampled
          RATE: $var.gas_export_rate_sm3_per_day
          SUCTION_PRESSURE: 50 #not used but a number is needed for eCalc
          DISCHARGE_PRESSURE: 200 #not used but a number is needed for eCalc

Full eCalc YAML model

model.yaml
TIME_SERIES:
  - NAME: SIM
    FILE: production_data.csv
    TYPE: DEFAULT
FACILITY_INPUTS:
  - NAME: genset
    FILE: genset.csv
    TYPE: ELECTRICITY2FUEL
  - NAME: compressor_sampled
    FILE: compressor_sampled.csv
    TYPE: COMPRESSOR_TABULAR
  - NAME: compressor_with_turbine_sampled
    FILE: compressor_sampled_with_turbine.csv
    TYPE: COMPRESSOR_TABULAR
  - NAME: pump_sampled
    FILE: pump_sampled.csv
    TYPE: TABULAR
  - NAME: pump_chart
    FILE: pump_chart.csv
    TYPE: PUMP_CHART_SINGLE_SPEED
    UNITS:
      HEAD: M
      RATE: AM3_PER_HOUR
      EFFICIENCY: PERCENTAGE

FUEL_TYPES:
  - NAME: fuel_gas
    EMISSIONS:
      - NAME: CO2
        FACTOR: 2.19  # CO2/Sm3 fuel gas burned

VARIABLES:
  hydrocarbon_export_sm3_per_day:
    VALUE: SIM;OIL_PROD {+} SIM;GAS_PROD {/} 1000  # divide the gas rate by 1000 to get oil equivalent
  sea_water_injection_rate_m3_per_day:
    VALUE: SIM;WATER_INJ {-} SIM;WATER_PROD {+} SIM;WATER_PROD {*} (SIM;WATER_PROD < 1500) {+} (SIM;WATER_PROD {-} 17000) {*} (SIM;WATER_PROD > 17000) {*} (SIM;WATER_PROD < 18500)
  gas_export_rate_sm3_per_day:
    VALUE: SIM;GAS_PROD
  gas_injection_rate_sm3_per_day:
    VALUE: SIM;GAS_INJ {+} SIM;GAS_LIFT
  produced_water_reinjection_condition:
    VALUE: SIM;WATER_PROD > 1500
  produced_water_reinjection_total_system_rate_m3_per_day:
    VALUE: SIM;WATER_PROD
  flare_fuel_rate_sm3_day:
    1995-10-01:
      VALUE: 10000
    2005-01-01:
      VALUE: 7000

INSTALLATIONS:
  - NAME: Installation A
    HCEXPORT: $var.hydrocarbon_export_sm3_per_day
    FUEL: fuel_gas
    GENERATORSETS:
      - NAME: Generator set A
        ELECTRICITY2FUEL: genset
        CATEGORY: TURBINE-GENERATOR
        CONSUMERS:
          - NAME: Base production load
            CATEGORY: BASE-LOAD
            ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
              TYPE: DIRECT
              LOAD: 11.8 # MW
          - NAME: Gas injection compressor
            CATEGORY: COMPRESSOR
            ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
              TYPE: COMPRESSOR
              ENERGYFUNCTION: compressor_sampled
              RATE: $var.gas_injection_rate_sm3_per_day
              SUCTION_PRESSURE: 50 #not used but a number is needed for eCalc
              DISCHARGE_PRESSURE: 200 #not used but a number is needed for eCalc
          - NAME: Produced water reinjection pump
            CATEGORY: PUMP
            ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
              TYPE: PUMP
              CONDITION: $var.produced_water_reinjection_condition
              ENERGYFUNCTION: pump_chart
              RATE: $var.produced_water_reinjection_total_system_rate_m3_per_day
              FLUID_DENSITY: 1010
              SUCTION_PRESSURE: 10  # bara
              DISCHARGE_PRESSURE: 200  # bara
          - NAME: Sea water injection pump
            CATEGORY: PUMP
            ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
              TYPE: TABULATED
              ENERGYFUNCTION: pump_sampled
              VARIABLES:
                - NAME: RATE
                  EXPRESSION: $var.sea_water_injection_rate_m3_per_day
    FUELCONSUMERS:
      - NAME: Flare
        CATEGORY: FLARE
        ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
          TYPE: DIRECT
          FUELRATE: $var.flare_fuel_rate_sm3_day
      - NAME: Gas export compressor
        CATEGORY: GAS-DRIVEN-COMPRESSOR
        ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL:
          TYPE: COMPRESSOR
          ENERGYFUNCTION: compressor_with_turbine_sampled
          RATE: $var.gas_export_rate_sm3_per_day
          SUCTION_PRESSURE: 50 #not used but a number is needed for eCalc
          DISCHARGE_PRESSURE: 200 #not used but a number is needed for eCalc

Input files

compressor_sampled.csv
RATE,POWER
#[Sm3/day],[MW]
0,0
1,4.1
100000000,4.1
200000000,4.1
210000000,4.1
220000000,4.4
230000000,4.8
240000000,5.1
250000000,5.4
260000000,5.8
270000000,6.1
280000000,6.4
290000000,6.8
300000000,7.1
500000000,14.2

compressor_sampled_with_turbine.csv
RATE,FUEL
#[Sm3/day],[Sm3/day]
0,0
0.1,50000
3000000,50000
3500000,130000
7000000,170000

genset.csv
POWER,FUEL
#[MW],[Sm3/day]
0,     0
0.1,   65000
10.0,  75000
20.0,  126000
40.0,  250000
100.0, 750000

pump_chart.csv
SPEED,RATE,HEAD,EFFICIENCY
3250,250,2640,59
3250,360,2490,68
3250,500,2342,77
3250,600,2210,80
3250,667,2068,78
3250,735,1870,74

pump_sampled.csv
RATE,POWER
#[Sm3/day],[MW]
0,0
1,3
8500,4
9000,4
17000,6
17500,9
36000,13

production_data.csv
Dates,                  OIL_PROD,  GAS_PROD,    WATER_PROD, WATER_INJ,  GAS_INJ,    GAS_LIFT
#,                      Sm3/d,     Sm3/d,       m3/d,       m3/d,       Sm3/d,      Sm3/d
2020-01-01 00:00:00,    9000,       3500000,    17000,      34000,      2200000,    130000
2021-01-01 00:00:00,    8000,       3600000,    17200,      33000,      2200000,    170000
2022-01-01 00:00:00,    7000,       3700000,    15000,      30000,      2200000,    210000
2023-01-01 00:00:00,    6000,       3800000,    16000,      33000,      2300000,    240000
2024-01-01 00:00:00,    6000,       3900000,    14000,      35000,      2300000,    280000
2024-12-01 00:00:00,    6000,       4000000,    15000,      36000,      2400000,    310000
2026-01-01 00:00:00,    7000,       4100000,    17000,      36000,      2400000,    350000
2027-01-01 00:00:00,    6000,       4500000,    15000,      38000,      2400000,    390000
2028-01-01 00:00:00,    6000,       3500000,    12000,      33000,      2400000,    430000
2029-01-01 00:00:00,    5000,       2500000,    14000,      36000,      2400000,    460000
2030-01-01 00:00:00,    6000,       2000000,    16000,      35000,      2400000,    500000
2031-01-01 00:00:00,    4000,       3000000,    14000,      33000,      2400000,    530000

Simple model example

YAML model overview​

TIME_SERIES​

FACILITY_INPUTS​

FUEL_TYPES​

VARIABLES​

INSTALLATION​

GENERATORSETS​

FUELCONSUMERS​

ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL​

Full eCalc YAML model​

Input files​

YAML model overview

TIME_SERIES

FACILITY_INPUTS

FUEL_TYPES

VARIABLES

INSTALLATION

GENERATORSETS

FUELCONSUMERS

ENERGY_USAGE_MODEL

Full eCalc YAML model

Input files