Unified Constraint Framework

The NeqSim optimization module provides a unified constraint framework through the ProcessConstraint interface. This bridges three previously disconnected constraint layers into a single API:

1. Equipment capacity constraints — auto-discovered from process equipment via the strategy registry
2. Internal optimizer constraints — OptimizationConstraint in ProductionOptimizer
3. External optimizer constraints — ConstraintDefinition in ProcessSimulationEvaluator

Related Documentation

Document	Description
Optimizer Guide	Main optimization module documentation
Multi-Objective Optimization	Pareto fronts with constraints
Flow Rate Optimization	FlowRateOptimizer with compressor constraints

Table of Contents

• Overview
• ProcessConstraint Interface
• Severity Levels
• Equipment Capacity Constraints
• Internal Optimizer Constraints
• External Optimizer Integration
• ConstraintPenaltyCalculator
• Constraint Conversion
• Usage Examples
• API Reference

---

Overview

The Problem

Before the unified framework, NeqSim had three separate constraint systems:

Layer	Class	Used By
Equipment	CapacityConstraint	EquipmentCapacityStrategy implementations
Internal optimizer	OptimizationConstraint	ProductionOptimizer
External optimizer	ConstraintDefinition	ProcessSimulationEvaluator

Each had its own severity model, margin convention, and penalty logic. Moving constraints between optimizers required manual conversion.

The Solution

The ProcessConstraint interface provides a single contract:

• Margin convention: margin(process) >= 0 means satisfied, < 0 means violated
• Unified severity: 4-level ConstraintSeverityLevel with bidirectional mappings
• Reusable penalty: ConstraintPenaltyCalculator works with any ProcessConstraint
• Auto-discovery: Equipment constraints are automatically wrapped as ProcessConstraint

All three original constraint classes now implement ProcessConstraint.

---

Runnable Setup

The blocks below are Java method bodies using this setup. Run alternatives in separate scopes when they reuse a local variable name. Put imports above your class and statements inside main(String[] args) throws Exception. The interface listing is API reference, not an additional class to copy into NeqSim.

Java output uses Log4j2. Declare this field inside your example class: private static final org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger logger = org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager.getLogger("OptimizationExample");.

import java.util.*;
import neqsim.process.processmodel.ProcessSystem;
import neqsim.process.equipment.stream.Stream;
import neqsim.process.equipment.compressor.Compressor;
import neqsim.process.util.optimizer.*;
import neqsim.process.util.optimizer.ProductionOptimizer.*;
import neqsim.thermo.system.SystemSrkEos;

SystemSrkEos gas = new SystemSrkEos(298.15, 30.0);
gas.addComponent("methane", 1.0);
gas.setMixingRule("classic");
Stream feed = new Stream("feed", gas);
feed.setFlowRate(5000.0, "kg/hr");
Compressor compressor = new Compressor("compressor", feed);
compressor.setOutletPressure(60.0, "bara");
compressor.setIsentropicEfficiency(0.75);
compressor.getMechanicalDesign().setMaxDesignPower(5000.0); // kW
ProcessSystem process = new ProcessSystem();
process.add(feed);
process.add(compressor);
process.run();

ProcessConstraint Interface

package neqsim.process.util.optimizer;

import neqsim.process.processmodel.ProcessSystem;

public interface ProcessConstraint {

    /** Constraint name, never null. */
    String getName();

    /**
     * Constraint margin. Positive or zero means satisfied; negative means violated.
     * For equipment capacity: margin = 1.0 - utilization.
     */
    double margin(ProcessSystem process);

    /** True when margin >= 0. */
    default boolean isSatisfied(ProcessSystem process) {
        return margin(process) >= 0.0;
    }

    /** Unified severity level. */
    ConstraintSeverityLevel getSeverityLevel();

    /** Penalty weight for optimization. Higher = stronger penalization. */
    double getPenaltyWeight();

    /** Penalty value: weight * margin^2 when violated, 0 when satisfied. */
    default double penalty(ProcessSystem process) {
        double m = margin(process);
        return m < 0.0 ? getPenaltyWeight() * m * m : 0.0;
    }

    /** True for CRITICAL or HARD severity. */
    default boolean isHard() {
        ConstraintSeverityLevel level = getSeverityLevel();
        return level == ConstraintSeverityLevel.CRITICAL
            || level == ConstraintSeverityLevel.HARD;
    }

    /** Human-readable description. */
    default String getDescription() {
        return "";
    }
}

Key Design Decisions

Decision	Rationale
margin >= 0 convention	Matches standard NLP formulation $g(x) \geq 0$
Default quadratic penalty	Smooth gradient for penalty-based solvers
isHard() from severity	Avoids redundant boolean flags
Process parameter in margin()	Allows stateless constraints evaluated on any process

---

Severity Levels

The ConstraintSeverityLevel enum provides four levels with bidirectional mappings to the equipment and optimizer severity systems:

Level	Optimization Impact	Equipment Mapping	Optimizer Mapping
CRITICAL	Solution rejected; optimizer may abort	CapacityConstraint.ConstraintSeverity.CRITICAL	ProductionOptimizer.ConstraintSeverity.HARD
HARD	Solution marked infeasible	CapacityConstraint.ConstraintSeverity.HARD	ProductionOptimizer.ConstraintSeverity.HARD
SOFT	Penalty applied to objective function	CapacityConstraint.ConstraintSeverity.SOFT	ProductionOptimizer.ConstraintSeverity.SOFT
ADVISORY	Reporting only; no optimization impact	CapacityConstraint.ConstraintSeverity.ADVISORY	ProductionOptimizer.ConstraintSeverity.SOFT

Conversion Methods

// Equipment -> Unified
ConstraintSeverityLevel level =
    ConstraintSeverityLevel.fromCapacitySeverity(
        CapacityConstraint.ConstraintSeverity.HARD);

// Optimizer -> Unified
ConstraintSeverityLevel optimizerLevel =
    ConstraintSeverityLevel.fromOptimizerSeverity(
        ProductionOptimizer.ConstraintSeverity.HARD);

// Boolean -> Unified
ConstraintSeverityLevel booleanLevel =
    ConstraintSeverityLevel.fromIsHard(true);  // Returns HARD

// Unified -> Equipment
CapacityConstraint.ConstraintSeverity eqSev =
    level.toCapacitySeverity();

// Unified -> Optimizer
ProductionOptimizer.ConstraintSeverity optSev =
    level.toOptimizerSeverity();

// Unified -> Boolean
boolean isHard = level.toIsHard();  // true for CRITICAL and HARD

---

Equipment Capacity Constraints

Equipment constraints are provided by EquipmentCapacityStrategy implementations and wrapped by CapacityConstraintAdapter:

import neqsim.process.util.optimizer.CapacityConstraintAdapter;
import neqsim.process.equipment.capacity.CapacityConstraint;

// Explicit installed power limit; current power is supplied dynamically in kW.
CapacityConstraint eqConstraint = new CapacityConstraint(
    "power", "kW", CapacityConstraint.ConstraintType.HARD)
    .setDesignValue(5000.0)
    .setMaxValue(5000.0)
    .setSeverity(CapacityConstraint.ConstraintSeverity.HARD)
    .setValueSupplier(() -> compressor.getPower("kW"));
CapacityConstraintAdapter adapted =
    new CapacityConstraintAdapter("K-100/power", eqConstraint);
double margin = adapted.margin(process);
boolean ok = adapted.isSatisfied(process);
ConstraintSeverityLevel level = adapted.getSeverityLevel();

Margin Calculation

For equipment capacity constraints, the margin is defined as:

\[\text{margin} = 1.0 - \text{utilization}\]

where utilization is the ratio of current value to limit (e.g., power / maxPower). A utilization of 0.95 gives margin = 0.05 (satisfied); utilization of 1.10 gives margin = -0.10 (violated).

---

Internal Optimizer Constraints

ProductionOptimizer.OptimizationConstraint implements ProcessConstraint and provides static factory methods:

import neqsim.process.util.optimizer.ProductionOptimizer.*;

// Less-than constraint: value <= limit
OptimizationConstraint powerLimit = OptimizationConstraint.lessThan(
    "MaxPower",
    proc -> ((Compressor) proc.getUnit("compressor")).getPower("kW"),
    5000.0,
    ConstraintSeverity.HARD,
    100.0,  // penalty weight
    "Installed driver limit, kW"
);

// Greater-than constraint: value >= limit
OptimizationConstraint minExport = OptimizationConstraint.greaterThan(
    "MinExport",
    proc -> ((Stream) proc.getUnit("feed")).getFlowRate("kg/hr"),
    1000.0,
    ConstraintSeverity.SOFT,
    50.0,
    "Minimum mass throughput, kg/hr"
);

// These are ProcessConstraint — can be used anywhere
double margin = powerLimit.margin(process);
ConstraintSeverityLevel level = powerLimit.getSeverityLevel();

---

External Optimizer Integration

ProcessSimulationEvaluator.ConstraintDefinition implements ProcessConstraint and supports these types:

Type	Convention	Example
LOWER_BOUND	value >= bound	Minimum flow rate
UPPER_BOUND	value <= bound	Maximum pressure
RANGE	lower <= value <= upper	Temperature range
EQUALITY	value == target (within tolerance)	Pressure setpoint

Auto-Discovery from Equipment

import neqsim.process.util.optimizer.ProcessSimulationEvaluator;

ProcessSimulationEvaluator evaluator = new ProcessSimulationEvaluator(process);

// Add decision variables
evaluator.addParameter("feed", "flowRate",
    1000.0, 20000.0, "kg/hr");

// Auto-discover all equipment capacity constraints
evaluator.addEquipmentCapacityConstraints();

// Get as unified ProcessConstraint list
List<ProcessConstraint> allConstraints =
    evaluator.getAllProcessConstraints();

// Get NLP margin vector: g(x) >= 0
double[] margins = evaluator.getConstraintMarginVector(process);

Evaluate at a Point

double[] x = {10000.0};  // feed rate
ProcessSimulationEvaluator.EvaluationResult result =
    evaluator.evaluate(x);

// Check feasibility
boolean feasible = result.isFeasible();

// Get constraint values
double[] constraintValues = result.getConstraintValues();
double[] constraintMargins = result.getConstraintMargins();

---

ConstraintPenaltyCalculator

The ConstraintPenaltyCalculator is a reusable penalty engine that works with any ProcessConstraint. It provides:

• Automatic equipment constraint discovery
• NLP margin vectors for gradient-based solvers
• Adaptive penalty scaling proportional to the objective magnitude
• Detailed per-constraint evaluation reports

Basic Usage

import neqsim.process.util.optimizer.ConstraintPenaltyCalculator;

ConstraintPenaltyCalculator calc = new ConstraintPenaltyCalculator();

// Auto-discover equipment constraints
calc.addEquipmentCapacityConstraints(process);

// Add custom constraints (any ProcessConstraint)
calc.addConstraint(powerLimit);
calc.addConstraint(minExport);

logger.info("Total constraints: " + calc.getConstraintCount());

Feasibility Check

boolean feasible = calc.isFeasible(process);
// Returns true only if no CRITICAL or HARD constraint is violated

NLP Margin Vector

For gradient-based NLP solvers, get the constraint vector in standard form:

double[] margins = calc.evaluateMargins(process);
// margins[i] >= 0 means constraint i is satisfied
// margins[i] < 0 means constraint i is violated by |margins[i]|

Adaptive Penalty

The penalize() method applies adaptive penalty scaling:

double rawObjective = compressor.getPower("kW");
double penalized = calc.penalize(rawObjective, process);
// If feasible: penalized == rawObjective
// If violated: penalized += scale * (hard: linear penalty, soft: quadratic penalty)
// Scale adapts to |rawObjective| for balanced optimization

Detailed Report

List<ConstraintPenaltyCalculator.ConstraintEvaluation> report =
    calc.evaluate(process);

for (ConstraintPenaltyCalculator.ConstraintEvaluation eval : report) {
    logger.info(String.format("%-30s severity=%-8s margin=%+.4f satisfied=%b penalty=%.1f%n",
        eval.getName(),
        eval.getSeverity(),
        eval.getMargin(),
        eval.isSatisfied(),
        eval.getPenalty()));
}

Example output:

K-100/power                    severity=HARD     margin=+0.0500 satisfied=true  penalty=0.0
K-100/surge_margin             severity=CRITICAL margin=-0.0200 satisfied=false penalty=4.0
V-100/liquid_level             severity=SOFT     margin=+0.1500 satisfied=true  penalty=0.0

---

Constraint Conversion

Constraints can be converted bidirectionally between the internal and external optimizer representations:

Internal to External

ProductionOptimizer.OptimizationConstraint internal =
    OptimizationConstraint.lessThan("MaxPower",
        proc -> ((Compressor) proc.getUnit("compressor")).getPower("kW"),
        5000.0, ConstraintSeverity.HARD, 100.0, "Installed driver limit, kW");
ProcessSimulationEvaluator.ConstraintDefinition external = internal.toConstraintDefinition();

External to Internal

// Continue from Internal to External (an upper bound converts to one constraint).
ProductionOptimizer.OptimizationConstraint roundTrip = external.toOptimizationConstraint();
// Use the plural conversion to retain BOTH bounds for RANGE and EQUALITY.
List<ProductionOptimizer.OptimizationConstraint> allBounds = external.toOptimizationConstraints();

Severity Mapping in Conversions

When converting between layers, severity is mapped via ConstraintSeverityLevel:

• CRITICAL and HARD remain as HARD in the optimizer layer (which has only 2 levels)
• SOFT and ADVISORY map to SOFT in the optimizer layer; keep advisory penalty weight zero to preserve reporting-only behavior
• Equipment severity maps 1:1 with the unified 4-level enum

---

Usage Examples

Example 1: Throughput Optimization with Equipment Constraints

ProductionOptimizer optimizer = new ProductionOptimizer();

OptimizationConfig config = new OptimizationConfig(1000.0, 20000.0)
    .rateUnit("kg/hr")
    .searchMode(SearchMode.GOLDEN_SECTION_SCORE)
    .defaultUtilizationLimit(0.95);

// Equipment constraints are automatically discovered and enforced
ProductionOptimizer.OptimizationResult result = optimizer.optimize(process, feed, config, null, null);

Example 2: Standalone Constraint Checking

// Check constraints independently of optimization
ConstraintPenaltyCalculator calc = new ConstraintPenaltyCalculator()
    .addEquipmentCapacityConstraints(process);

process.run();
boolean feasible = calc.isFeasible(process);

if (!feasible) {
    for (ConstraintPenaltyCalculator.ConstraintEvaluation e : calc.evaluate(process)) {
        if (!e.isSatisfied()) {
            logger.info("VIOLATED: " + e.getName()
                + " (margin=" + e.getMargin() + ")");
        }
    }
}

Example 3: External NLP Solver Integration

ProcessSimulationEvaluator evaluator = new ProcessSimulationEvaluator(process);
evaluator.addParameter("feed", "flowRate", 1000.0, 20000.0, "kg/hr");
evaluator.addObjective("throughput",
    proc -> ((Stream) proc.getUnit("feed")).getFlowRate("kg/hr"),
    ProcessSimulationEvaluator.ObjectiveDefinition.Direction.MAXIMIZE);
evaluator.addEquipmentCapacityConstraints();
for (double rate = 1000; rate <= 20000; rate += 1000) {
    ProcessSimulationEvaluator.EvaluationResult result = evaluator.evaluate(new double[] {rate});
    logger.info(String.format("Rate=%.0f feasible=%b%n", rate, result.isFeasible()));
}

Example 4: Mixed Constraint Sources

ConstraintPenaltyCalculator calc = new ConstraintPenaltyCalculator();

// Equipment constraints (auto-discovered)
calc.addEquipmentCapacityConstraints(process);

// Custom internal optimizer constraint
calc.addConstraint(
    OptimizationConstraint.lessThan("MaxPower",
        proc -> ((Compressor) proc.getUnit("compressor")).getPower("kW"),
        5000.0, ConstraintSeverity.HARD, 100.0, "Installed driver limit, kW"));

// All constraints are treated uniformly
double[] margins = calc.evaluateMargins(process);
boolean feasible = calc.isFeasible(process);
double total = calc.totalPenalty(process);

---

API Reference

ProcessConstraint

Method	Returns	Description
getName()	String	Constraint name
margin(ProcessSystem)	double	>= 0 satisfied, < 0 violated
isSatisfied(ProcessSystem)	boolean	margin >= 0
getSeverityLevel()	ConstraintSeverityLevel	Unified severity
getPenaltyWeight()	double	Penalty multiplier
penalty(ProcessSystem)	double	weight * margin^2 when violated
isHard()	boolean	True for CRITICAL/HARD
getDescription()	String	Human-readable description

ConstraintSeverityLevel

Constant	toIsHard()	toOptimizerSeverity()	toCapacitySeverity()
CRITICAL	true	HARD	CRITICAL
HARD	true	HARD	HARD
SOFT	false	SOFT	SOFT
ADVISORY	false	SOFT	ADVISORY

CapacityConstraintAdapter

Method	Returns	Description
Constructor	-	(String qualifiedName, CapacityConstraint delegate)
margin(ProcessSystem)	double	1.0 - utilization
getDelegate()	CapacityConstraint	Underlying equipment constraint
getUtilization()	double	Current utilization fraction
getUnit()	String	Constraint unit

ConstraintPenaltyCalculator

Method	Returns	Description
addConstraint(ProcessConstraint)	this	Add single constraint (chainable)
addConstraints(List)	this	Add multiple constraints (chainable)
addEquipmentCapacityConstraints(ProcessSystem)	this	Auto-discover from process (chainable)
getConstraints()	List	Unmodifiable constraint list
getConstraintCount()	int	Number of constraints
evaluateMargins(ProcessSystem)	double[]	NLP margin vector
isFeasible(ProcessSystem)	boolean	No hard violations
totalPenalty(ProcessSystem)	double	Sum of all penalties
penalize(double, ProcessSystem)	double	Adaptive penalized objective
evaluate(ProcessSystem)	List	Per-constraint evaluation report
clear()	void	Remove all constraints