Class BoilingHeatTransfer

java.lang.Object
neqsim.process.mechanicaldesign.heatexchanger.BoilingHeatTransfer
public final class BoilingHeatTransfer extends Object
Boiling heat transfer correlations for nucleate and forced-convective boiling.

Implements two widely-used correlations for flow boiling inside tubes:

  • Chen (1966): Superposition model combining forced-convective and nucleate boiling with a suppression factor S and enhancement factor F.
  • Gungor-Winterton (1986, 1987): Enhanced Chen-type correlation with improved enhancement and suppression factor fitting against a larger database (3,600+ data points).

The Chen correlation computes: 

h_tp = h_mac * F + h_mic * S

where h_mac is the forced-convective (macroscopic) component from Dittus-Boelter at liquid-only conditions, and h_mic is the nucleate boiling (microscopic) component from Forster-Zuber. F enhances the convective part due to two-phase flow acceleration, and S suppresses nucleate boiling at high mixture velocities.

The Gungor-Winterton (1987) simplified correlation computes: 

h_tp = h_l * E_gw
E_gw = 1 + 3000 * Bo^0.86 + 1.12 * (x/(1-x))^0.75 * (rho_l/rho_v)^0.41

References:

  • Chen, J.C. (1966). "Correlation for boiling heat transfer to saturated fluids in convective flow." I&EC Process Design and Development, 5(3), 322-329.
  • Gungor, K.E. and Winterton, R.H.S. (1986). "A general correlation for flow boiling in tubes and annuli." Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 29(3), 351-358.
  • Gungor, K.E. and Winterton, R.H.S. (1987). "Simplified general correlation for saturated flow boiling and comparisons of correlations with data." Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 65, 148-156.
Version:
1.0
Author:
NeqSim Development Team
See Also:

  • Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Modifier
    Constructor
    Description
    private
    BoilingHeatTransfer()
    Private constructor to prevent instantiation.

  • Method Summary

    Modifier and Type
    Method
    Description
    static double
    calcAverageHTC(double massFlux, double tubeID, double liquidDensity, double vaporDensity, double liquidViscosity, double liquidCp, double liquidConductivity, double heatFlux, double heatOfVaporization, double qualityIn, double qualityOut, int intervals)
    Calculates the average boiling HTC over a quality range by numerical integration.
    static double
    calcChenEnhancementFactor(double X_tt)
    Calculates the Chen enhancement factor F.
    static double
    calcChenHTC(double massFlux, double vaporQuality, double tubeID, double liquidDensity, double vaporDensity, double liquidViscosity, double vaporViscosity, double liquidCp, double liquidConductivity, double surfaceTension, double heatOfVaporization, double wallSuperheat, double satPressureDiff)
    Calculates the local two-phase boiling HTC using the Chen (1966) correlation.
    static double
    calcChenSuppressionFactor(double Re_tp)
    Calculates the Chen suppression factor S.
    static double
    calcGungorWintertonCorrectedHTC(double massFlux, double vaporQuality, double tubeID, double liquidDensity, double vaporDensity, double liquidViscosity, double liquidCp, double liquidConductivity, double heatFlux, double heatOfVaporization, boolean isHorizontal)
    Calculates the Gungor-Winterton HTC with corrections for horizontal stratified flow and subcooled boiling.
    static double
    calcGungorWintertonHTC(double massFlux, double vaporQuality, double tubeID, double liquidDensity, double vaporDensity, double liquidViscosity, double liquidCp, double liquidConductivity, double heatFlux, double heatOfVaporization)
    Calculates the local two-phase boiling HTC using the Gungor-Winterton (1987) simplified correlation.
    static double
    calcMartinelliParameter(double x, double liquidDensity, double vaporDensity, double liquidViscosity, double vaporViscosity)
    Calculates the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter X_tt for turbulent-turbulent flow.

    Methods inherited from class Object

    clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

  • Constructor Details

    • BoilingHeatTransfer

      private BoilingHeatTransfer()
      Private constructor to prevent instantiation.

  • Method Details

    • calcChenHTC

      public static double calcChenHTC(double massFlux, double vaporQuality, double tubeID, double liquidDensity, double vaporDensity, double liquidViscosity, double vaporViscosity, double liquidCp, double liquidConductivity, double surfaceTension, double heatOfVaporization, double wallSuperheat, double satPressureDiff)
      Calculates the local two-phase boiling HTC using the Chen (1966) correlation.

      h_tp = h_mac * F + h_mic * S, where:

      • h_mac = 0.023 * (k_l/D) * Re_l^0.8 * Pr_l^0.4 (Dittus-Boelter for liquid-only)
      • h_mic = 0.00122 * (k_l^0.79 * Cp_l^0.45 * rho_l^0.49) / (sigma^0.5 * mu_l^0.29 * h_fg^0.24 * rho_v^0.24) * dT_sat^0.24 * dP_sat^0.75 (Forster-Zuber)
      • F = enhancement factor from Martinelli parameter X_tt
      • S = suppression factor from Re_tp
      Parameters:
      massFlux - total mass flux G (kg/(m2*s))
      vaporQuality - local vapor quality x (0 to 1)
      tubeID - tube inner diameter (m)
      liquidDensity - liquid density (kg/m3)
      vaporDensity - vapor density (kg/m3)
      liquidViscosity - liquid viscosity (Pa*s)
      vaporViscosity - vapor viscosity (Pa*s)
      liquidCp - liquid heat capacity (J/(kg*K))
      liquidConductivity - liquid thermal conductivity (W/(m*K))
      surfaceTension - surface tension (N/m)
      heatOfVaporization - latent heat of vaporization (J/kg)
      wallSuperheat - wall superheat dT_sat = T_wall - T_sat (K)
      satPressureDiff - pressure difference corresponding to dT_sat (Pa)
      Returns:
      local two-phase boiling HTC (W/(m2*K))

    • calcGungorWintertonHTC

      public static double calcGungorWintertonHTC(double massFlux, double vaporQuality, double tubeID, double liquidDensity, double vaporDensity, double liquidViscosity, double liquidCp, double liquidConductivity, double heatFlux, double heatOfVaporization)
      Calculates the local two-phase boiling HTC using the Gungor-Winterton (1987) simplified correlation.

      This is a simpler alternative to Chen that does not require wall superheat or surface tension: 

      h_tp = h_l * [1 + 3000 * Bo^0.86 + 1.12 * (x/(1-x))^0.75 * (rho_l/rho_v)^0.41]

      where Bo is the boiling number q/(G * h_fg).

      Parameters:
      massFlux - total mass flux G (kg/(m2*s))
      vaporQuality - local vapor quality x (0 to 1)
      tubeID - tube inner diameter (m)
      liquidDensity - liquid density (kg/m3)
      vaporDensity - vapor density (kg/m3)
      liquidViscosity - liquid viscosity (Pa*s)
      liquidCp - liquid heat capacity (J/(kg*K))
      liquidConductivity - liquid thermal conductivity (W/(m*K))
      heatFlux - heat flux at tube wall (W/m2)
      heatOfVaporization - latent heat of vaporization (J/kg)
      Returns:
      local two-phase boiling HTC (W/(m2*K))

    • calcGungorWintertonCorrectedHTC

      public static double calcGungorWintertonCorrectedHTC(double massFlux, double vaporQuality, double tubeID, double liquidDensity, double vaporDensity, double liquidViscosity, double liquidCp, double liquidConductivity, double heatFlux, double heatOfVaporization, boolean isHorizontal)
      Calculates the Gungor-Winterton HTC with corrections for horizontal stratified flow and subcooled boiling.

      For horizontal tubes where Froude number Fr_l < 0.05, applies a stratified flow correction. For subcooled boiling (x = 0), uses the nucleate boiling only term.

      Parameters:
      massFlux - total mass flux G (kg/(m2*s))
      vaporQuality - local vapor quality x (0 to 1)
      tubeID - tube inner diameter (m)
      liquidDensity - liquid density (kg/m3)
      vaporDensity - vapor density (kg/m3)
      liquidViscosity - liquid viscosity (Pa*s)
      liquidCp - liquid heat capacity (J/(kg*K))
      liquidConductivity - liquid thermal conductivity (W/(m*K))
      heatFlux - heat flux (W/m2)
      heatOfVaporization - latent heat (J/kg)
      isHorizontal - true for horizontal tube orientation
      Returns:
      corrected boiling HTC (W/(m2*K))

    • calcMartinelliParameter

      public static double calcMartinelliParameter(double x, double liquidDensity, double vaporDensity, double liquidViscosity, double vaporViscosity)
      Calculates the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter X_tt for turbulent-turbulent flow. 
      X_tt = ((1 - x) / x) ^ 0.9 * (rho_v / rho_l) ^ 0.5 * (mu_l / mu_v) ^ 0.1
      Parameters:
      x - vapor quality (0 to 1)
      liquidDensity - liquid density (kg/m3)
      vaporDensity - vapor density (kg/m3)
      liquidViscosity - liquid viscosity (Pa*s)
      vaporViscosity - vapor viscosity (Pa*s)
      Returns:
      Martinelli parameter X_tt

    • calcChenEnhancementFactor

      public static double calcChenEnhancementFactor(double X_tt)
      Calculates the Chen enhancement factor F.

      F accounts for the increase in turbulence due to vapor presence: 

      F = 1.0                         when 1/X_tt <= 0.1
F = 2.35 * (0.213 + 1/X_tt)^0.736  otherwise
      Parameters:
      X_tt - Martinelli parameter
      Returns:
      enhancement factor F (always >= 1.0)

    • calcChenSuppressionFactor

      public static double calcChenSuppressionFactor(double Re_tp)
      Calculates the Chen suppression factor S.

      S accounts for the suppression of nucleate boiling at high Reynolds numbers: 

      S = 1 / (1 + 2.53e-6 * Re_tp ^ 1.17)
      Parameters:
      Re_tp - two-phase Reynolds number = Re_l * F^1.25
      Returns:
      suppression factor S (0 to 1)

    • calcAverageHTC

      public static double calcAverageHTC(double massFlux, double tubeID, double liquidDensity, double vaporDensity, double liquidViscosity, double liquidCp, double liquidConductivity, double heatFlux, double heatOfVaporization, double qualityIn, double qualityOut, int intervals)
      Calculates the average boiling HTC over a quality range by numerical integration.

      Uses the Gungor-Winterton correlation integrated over the quality range with Simpson's rule.

      Parameters:
      massFlux - total mass flux (kg/(m2*s))
      tubeID - tube inner diameter (m)
      liquidDensity - liquid density (kg/m3)
      vaporDensity - vapor density (kg/m3)
      liquidViscosity - liquid viscosity (Pa*s)
      liquidCp - liquid heat capacity (J/(kg*K))
      liquidConductivity - liquid thermal conductivity (W/(m*K))
      heatFlux - heat flux (W/m2)
      heatOfVaporization - latent heat (J/kg)
      qualityIn - quality at zone inlet (0 to 1)
      qualityOut - quality at zone outlet (0 to 1)
      intervals - number of integration intervals (minimum 4, must be even)
      Returns:
      average boiling HTC over the quality range (W/(m2*K))